Frq Apush Farmers vs Industrialization Essay

The Gilded Age, a time of industrious growth and a surge of new immigrants. Americans had witnessed the death of rural life dominated by farmers and the birth of an urban and industrial America dominated by bankers, industrialists, and city dwellers. Overproduction led farmers into debt leaving them just an overflow of crops due to the repressed prices. Tariff Policies forced farmers to buy manufactured goods for survival. Farmers lost their status and power due to industrialization. Let’s just say farmers felt betrayed by their government and not letting them have voice. Overproduction was the most vexing problem during this time. The American farmer produced too much for their own good. As levels rise, the use of farm machinery increased it allowed the farmer to grow even more, new farming techniques, and the spread of railroads l made markets full of produce. As more and more crops were in the markets, it made the prices fall for the produce. Farmers were growing more and making less money. Of all the problems a farmer faced, overproduction was the gravest. Not making enough to recoup expenses because of depressed crop values, farmers attempted to compensate by producing more. This made the problem worse. The lack of income drove farmers into ever-deepening debt. Farmers fell victim to a tariff policy of the U.S. during the Gilded Age. It forced them to buy all the manufacture goods they needed for survival on a market protected by tariff legislation at high prices while selling what they produced on an unprotected market at reduced prices because of oversupply and foreign competitors. The government put a tax on the manufactured goods being imported into the U.S. by other manufactures. They hoped to make them more expensive than the American goods. For consumers would buy American goods. During this process it made American rapidly industrialized. Famers felt doubly discriminated against because they felt the tariffs were applied primarily to manufactured goods while their interests were left to fend for themselves. One of the hardest impacts due to industrialization for farmers was that they had to deal with the recognition that rural and agricultural America was given way to an urban and industrialized American. Dominated by the interests of big business, and government. Famers found the major political parties during the time unresponsive to their demands that government deal with their problems. Farmers no longer controlled the social, economic, or political systems. Which was a constant struggle for them to be heard, and did not feel appreciated. Farmers were impacted by industrialization in many ways causing many problems. Making a huge amount of them very unhappy during the Gilded Age.

Mayella Violet Ewell Essay

Mayella Violet Ewell is Tom Robinson’s 19-and-a-half-year-old accuser and the eldest daughter of Bob Ewell; she has to take care of her siblings (such as Burris Ewell) due to Bob Ewell’s alcoholism. Before the trial, Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home. Due to her family’s living situation, Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love, and she eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man, Tom Robinson. Her father sees this through a window, and in punishment he beats her. Ewell then finds the sheriff, Heck Tate, and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom. At the trial, Atticus proves that it was her father who beat her by pointing out that the bruises are on the right side of her face only. This is important because Tom’s left hand is mangled and useless, while Bob Ewell is left handed. When Atticus Finch asks her if she has any friends, she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is. During her testimony, she is confused by Atticus’ polite speech and thinks that his use of â€Å"Miss Mayella† is meant to mock her.  By testifying against Tom Robinson, Mayella is trying to destroy the evidence suggesting that she had attempted to seduce him, and to do what her father wants her to do so that he won’t hurt her — to eliminate her own guilt and fear of breaking a ‘rigid and time-honored code’. Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the movie.

Critical and Creative Thinking in Society Short Essay Essay

The situation that comes to mind of public interest is the rioting and looting going on in Ferguson, Missouri. We understand everyone in the community is upset about the shooting but you also have to remember that this has not been the only shooting over the years dealing with an African America male, and look how a few bad people can change the message that your organization or group is really trying to get across. We believe the purpose of the protest was to bring awareness to the issue at hand but now it has turn into something else now. Free will is the ability to do whatever you want at any time, truth is something that is justify a fact that has happen, and knowledge is the research and experience you have on different subjects. Opinion is something every individual has about every situation. Critical thinking process hindrances are self-deception, resistance to change, and stereotyping there are a few ways to deal with this issue whether in business or everyday life. One is to make change easy, and simple people are most likely to get on board if you do that. Self- deception just be honest with yourself, and others being in business not tell shareholder the truth could back fire on you. We believe this last one is probably the hardest stereotyping because of everyone’s up bring but we believe if you look at the facts and take way stigma of what you have heard most the time you will see that the stereotype was wrong. An advertisement that perceives to make you jump higher and play better basketball is the Michael Jordon Nike advertisement, but the reality of it is that you have to have some skills to play like Mike. Reference Ruggiero, V. R. (2012). The Art of Thinking, A Guide to Critical and Creative Though (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education,Inc.

Who in your life has been your biggest influence and why Scholarship Essay

Who in your life has been your biggest influence and why - Scholarship Essay Example He motivated me by reminding the real value of education by reminding me thus, â€Å"Dream of going to college is attainable if you put hard work to achieve.† Not only the words but also his deeds proved me what he said is true and genuine. As I am the eldest of 6 brothers, and having the responsibility of looking after them, naturally I thought I may not have the proper chances of pursuing my education. Fortunately, I was the first grandchild who had the chance to go to college and I have never been in trouble at school out of 12 years. I could also obtain A/B Honor roll during my education career with the unique support from my father. My father’s hardworking mentality after divorce to provide us the stable living situations is another factor that influenced me greatly. He goes to work 6 days a week to support all of us. The way he helped the neighbors and even the strangers in need has put a drive in me to help my fellowman whenever I can. Now I have realized that in fluence is the power to have an important effect on someone or something. And I feel the power in me through the magnificent influence of my father who has provided me a lot and made me what I am

Teaching of Ethics and Humanity in USA and Indonesia Essay

Teaching of Ethics and Humanity in USA and Indonesia - Essay Example This cultural value is highly evident in the education systems of the Universities in USA and Indonesia as they give very high emphasis to Human Values, Respect for others and Ethics in their education systems. Example, Seattle University practices the Jesuit Tradition which requires that the students should be made aware of the importance of what they need to do with the knowledge that they are in the process of acquiring. Similarly, Santa Clara University teaches moral thinking and decision making following the Utilitarian Approach, Rights Approach, Fairness Approach, Common-Good Approach, and the Virtue Approach. The Indonesian Universities teach Humanity, Respect for others and Ethics as well but the lessons imparted are more from the perspective of Religious teachings. As a matter of fact, Islamic and Buddhist education has prevailed quite strongly due to their strong influence on the society. Span and Quality of Education in USA is much better th... They prefer to expose their students to the real world challenges of the subject of choice. Example, the education in Finance & Accounting would not be limited to subject matter learning only but would also incorporate a number of surveys/researches required to be carried out by students even at the undergraduate level. When compared to education system in USA, the width & depth of education system in Indonesia is not comparable to the same in USA. Indonesia education system is based on improving subject matter expertise in technology whereby their applicability is sharply focused on the potentials of global competitive advantages that the country can derive out of such expertise. In this context, the teachers in Indonesia are definitely good experts but more focused towards the coverage of the subject than the applicability of the subject. Example, if the subject matter is networking the teachers would ensure that the entire concepts of network technologies are covered for the students at tremendous pace but fewer opportunities shall be opened to work on live networking projects. Expression of thoughts in USA is more freely allowed than in Indonesia (Thesis 3): USA believes in conversion of Tacit Knowledge into Explicit for the benefit of the future of Mankind. Hence, they tend to develop this culture in the educational system as well. The students in USA need to express their thoughts in class and in group discussions. Example, seniors discuss their internship experiences in open forums such that the juniors can avoid their mistakes when planning for their own internships. In addition to self expression, the Universities also give lot of emphasis in developing the writing skills of the

GPS And Its Use In Modern Surveying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GPS And Its Use In Modern Surveying - Essay Example President Reagan opened access to the GPS for the civilian aircraft navigational purposes for the first time in 1983 (Leick 5). GPS has immense application in modern surveying. GPS enables the surveyors to measure the points or features of any location across the globe from space. Data collected with the help of GPS can be used to provide information for navigation systems or to monitor the infrastructure projects. Surveyors commonly use the GPS to derive elevation with the help of sophisticated satellite receivers as an alternative to the traditional precise leveling. However, the accuracy of the former is lesser as compared to the latter, but when the traditional leveling has to be carried out over a long distance, the accuracies of both methods become similar. GPS helps reduce the time consumed in surveying. â€Å"Project surveys scheduled to take become an often take just a few days or hours with GPS† (Transportation Research Board). Modern surveying has benefited a lot fr om the use of GPS.

Journalism, mass media and communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journalism, mass media and communication - Essay Example Journalism, mass media and communication In my case my goals coincided with the group’s goal. But there were many who joined us for leisure, for publicity etc, undermining the combined thought of the group. Answer 2: Groups sometimes carry formal rules well stated and expressed. In my case, we decided to wear black shirts to exhibit our protest from our attire and each and every participant was bound to wear it. Although they were provided free of cost. Our demonstration needed emotionally charged expression, although not stated, but every individual portrayed this norm. However our group was leaded by some of the extraordinary individuals to be the best representative of our cause. The rules were clearly stated since the day group formation began and most rules were stated by group leaders like the gathering of all members, timings, location etc. But as the demonstrations began, all the group members of our campus were reflective of our identity. Answer 3: Although norms are suitable group standards, defining roles leads the development of expected behavior pattern of members. In my case, the selection of leaders, and then there assistants was made to define their specific roles within our group. Although the leaders were not mentioned to be the head but they reached that level as we started following them. So they acquired this position due to their innate leadership qualities and played an informal role in our group. The informal roles are categorized into two categories, social and task. Task roles lead the group to its goals while social roles help in bringing cohesiveness among group members. Answer4 One of the ways for classifying groups is their decision making criteria. In our groups mostly used decision making criteria is for running into consensus that involves bringing all members to one point. However, this is not the only method adopted, in cases where consensus is unachievable; majority control is adopted that i s a reflective of democracy. In cases where one of our members has a core competency, group does rely on that member in decision making on that subject. But, the minority control approach has not been applied in any of several groups formed during the course of study. As most of groups I belonged were due to dependency regarding intellectual sharing, therefore, at times the development of group leader diverts decision making towards authority control. Answer5 As group members perform differing roles within the group, the power inherited in these roles may lead to development of political situation within the group. It is well known that those who have any sort of power may influence the behavior of others. Some power is inherited with the position of a group member. For example those given the position of leader automatically develop the feel of being authoritarian over others. Such power is usually considered as legitimate. At times the behavior of other group members can be contro lled due to coercive power. For example, imposing fines on any noncompliance with the group’s norms and rules is a result of exercising coercive power. And if the behavior of others is influenced by providing rewards as a reinforcing technique for desirable consequences, such power results from the positive way of influencing others and usually termed as reward power. The expert power stems from being a

Financial reporting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial reporting - Assignment Example Financial statements, prepared on the basis of historical cost accounting method, do not provide a fair and true presentation of equity’s performance or future prospects, if capital is inadequately maintained (Charnes, 1976). Moreover, critical assessment of equity’s performance by studying ratios, such as, return on capital employed, will be useless if capital is undervalued, profit is overstated and values of assets are misinterpreted. These sometimes occur because of historical cost accounting. The limitations have been summarized as follows: Overestimating and valuing profits by undercharging depreciation on the basis of historical cost and recording sales cost at original cost of inventories, may result in the reduction of an entity’s capital because of high taxation charges and distribution (Belfo and Trigo, 2013). This accounting approach toughens the task for analysts and shareholders of evaluating and assessing the ability and performance of management. This is precisely because variations in the situation of the current market are not considered in historical valuation approach. Then, owner of the entity tried to restock his inventory and realized that the cost of replacement was $2,200. They did not have enough cash to restructure to the pre-sale condition. The difficulty escalated due to the fact that the owner was unable to differentiate between the profits generated from holding the inventory for a particular time period before selling it and the revenue that was generated through trading. Had the company matched the cost of replenishment against revenue, they would have realized a profit of $300. If this excess proceed had been withdrawn, it would have left the company with $2,200, which could be used for the purpose of inventory replacement. Thus, this example suggests the fact that historical accounting can be misleading to the user of the information (Bakar and Said, 2007). The application of general price index under this method is

How does your company deal with preparing staff to work in another Essay

How does your company deal with preparing staff to work in another country and for incoming foreign staff - Essay Example Understanding these relations is very important for an organization, which desires to manage its employee-employer relationship effectively. PROPOSED STUDY: This paper gives an examination of the employee organization rapport by probing the employee perception of what they owe their company and what they feel their company owes them in return. The paper also examines these aspects from a cross-cultural perspective by determining how societal culture affects employee attitude concerning their obligations to the employer and what the employer owes them. Purposely, the paper delves at how various cultural aspects of collectivism, the employees’ perception of the terms of their employment relationship. Additionally, whilst most studies focus on employees’ behavior and attitudinal reactions to their company’s failure to meet obligations, less has been unraveled about how companies deal with preparing their staff to work in another country and for incoming foreign staf f. This paper aims at discussing in depth, how Ford Motor Company prepares its staff to operate in remote countries. The paper gives an exclusive introduction to the company’s background, after which it embarks on the thesis statement, which is, how the motor company has dealt with preparing its staff to work in another country and for incoming foreign staff. ... The company has employed more than 25600 peoples by the end of December with its headquarters based in Michigan and Dearborn. Ford has recorded revenues of more than $182,456 million in just one fiscal year; that is up to December 2007. An increase of around 7.6% over that gained in the year 2006. The company’s operating profit of the company used to be $6,631 million in the economic year 2007 put under compared to an operating loss of around$8, 291 million in the year 2006. This loss, however, in 2007 reduced to $3,722 million (Ford Motor Company, 2000). The company operates two businesses: Automotive Division In this business, it produces a variety of vehicles, among cars in the medium, large, small, and premium segments as well as buses, SUV’s, Vans, and trucks. Its automotive vehicle brands include Mazda, Mercury, Ford, Volvo, and Lincoln. Ford also owns a 34.4 % controlling stake when considering Mazda (Lussier, 2013). Because it is the consumer trend towards lesse r and more cost-effective cars, it has increased its business in this part. Ford’s automotive business can safely get organized into five segments: Premier Automotive (PAG). Ford added onto, manufacturing and distributing trucks and cars, it, also, avails a diversity of after sales products and services via its dealer network (Rowley, 2013). The Financial Service Division The Ford Motor Credit Company was initiated in the year 1923 as a completely owned subordinate of Ford. This business provides automotive financing for Volvo, Mercury, Ford, and Lincoln’s customers. The Credit business was established so that Ford Motor Company dealers could offer competitive financial services to both business and individuals. The Major financial services entail:

A woman's beauty put down or power source Essay

A woman's beauty put down or power source - Essay Example The author investigates the present state of the issue and reveals that even the advantages, which women have in comparison to men, for example, their beauty an sex appeal, do not bring any visible benefits to the representatives of fair sex. â€Å"For close to two centuries it has become a convention to attribute beauty to only one of the two sexes: the sex which however fair is always second. Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, morally.† (Sontag 154) The first essential factor that was addressed by feminists is sexualization. The author emphasizes the role of mass media that actively promotes the image of a sexy woman is considered to be the one of the main factors, which contributes to the attitude towards women as towards the toys, which are created specially to have sex with men. The nude woman’s body can be seen everywhere: in the advertising, newspapers, in video clips. Beauty competitions also contribute to the formation o f the attitude towards women as towards objects. Women want to be sexy, but their sexuality finally turns to be a problem for them, a something they can be blamed for. To have sex is still a shame for women and normal for men. â€Å"Hence, when we are discussing women, we are generally discussing the sex interest common to both men and women, and this disturbs our point of view. The fact is that sex interest is a common possession that the unit in human life, even more than among lower animals, is always a male and a female bound together by love. Just as a body can function in sleep or under the influence of a narcotic, for a time seemingly independent of the mind, so a man or a woman can live for a time in seeming independence of the opposite sex; but from any biological point of view, such a separate existence of male and female is only a transient effort† (Barnes 3). The images of slim female bodies with a perfect look are everywhere: on

Proposal for Home Cleaning Service Delivery Essay Example for Free

Proposal for Home Cleaning Service Delivery Essay We write to introduce We Love Your Home Cleaning Services, a world class cleaning service-provision Company. Based on our understanding of how busy working hours get these days, coupled with the needed attention to care for children among other things, we have chosen to apply ourselves in service thereby filling up this area of need. Our team of highly skilled and savvy professionals offers first-rate level of customer-friendly services making use of the best practice in the cleaning services field. Our years of hands-on-the-job experience, alongside the passion with which we deliver clients request, stands us out in our area of chosen service. Our organization is glad for the opportunity to serve you in what we do best. We do hope to have a fulfilling relationship with you in the course of our quality value delivery to your home. Thank you in anticipation of a positive response. Yours faithfully, Signature Full Name Introduction The growing demands for quality home cleaning service by our well meaning customers prompted the creation of a holistic solution avenue to better serve this area of need. The amount of increase in the average work hours has contributed to our desire to provide a quality and easy-to-request alternative to home cleaning service. Our business focuses on ensuring that the â€Å"neat home† concept, which is acronym for our core values, is spread to each of our clients. We ensure this through the use of quality equipments and a very friendly approach to solution delivery. We do everything within our ability to ensure that our customers always win through our simplified and holistic approach. Vision: Our corporate vision is to be the leader in friendly delivery of home support through customized cleaning service deliverables. Mission: We work as one winning team with our clients to ensure the delivery of the â€Å"neat home† concept using cost-effective solutions and simple but highly effective customer-centered approach. Core Values: This is at the core of who we really are. Our core values can be seen in the acronym N.E.A.T. H.O.M.E. It is a derivative of our passionate commitment to a culture of excellence through a continuously improved customer-centered approach to each of our service packages. The acronym also helps us to be reminded of the Win-Win goal our relationship with clients seeks to achieve. It means: N – Neatness, E – Excellence, A – Accountability, T – Teamwork, H – Hospitability, O – Openness, M – Mutual benefit, E – Extra-mile Neatness: By neatness our certified professionals will ensure the removal of dirt and stains through the use of the best chemicals while putting as top priority the health of the home dwellers. Excellence: Our team sees excellence as a guide at every inch of the process. We believe and are committed to improving the seemingly little things. Accountability: We are responsible for the safe-keeping of clients home while we ensure it is clean. Knowing the implications of the foregoing, we subscribe to third party insurance policies that forestall any possibility of mishap. Also, clients can be sure to meet their interior design outlook in better shape as a result of out team of savvy professionals. Teamwork: Winning with you is our utmost delight and we ensure this through our excellence-orientation method of shared responsibility. Our professionals make sure that the customer’s unique request is done with tact considering areas of priority as may have been indicated on request form. Hospitability: Friendliness is at the core of how we serve you. Our customers help us to always be around offering service, hence, we commit to the delivery of such as quickly as possible. We enjoy creating win-win scenarios in smiles. Openness: We believe that trust is at the root of any successful business relationship and really value same. This is why we ensure a solution delivery as promised style, thereby creating the atmosphere that nurtures honest dealings. Mutual benefit: This profiles our commitment to a win-win solution. Extra-mile: Where the need arises, our staff will be willing to go the extra-mile so as to ensure qualitative service delivery always. We believe absolutely that we only truly win when our customers win. Services We Love Your Home Cleaning Services provides scalable unit of options in our area of expertise. Our services list provides a convenient way for our clients to do business with us. It ensures that our options allow for a balance between cost-effectiveness, time-save and quality delivery. These include the following: Cleaning the entire residence or selected rooms as may be so desired The use of industrial cleaning chemicals with no health hazards The provision of user-friendly timed options (say one-time, weekly, bi-weekly or monthly) The above mentioned options are carefully tailored to ensure that a full home support in the business of cleaning is ensured. Benefits Our first rate service culture will offer you the following value added features: We save you the stress involved in the cleaning process We help ensure a timely delivery through best practice Our solution is cost effective and offers competitive pricing Our services can be requested from the convenience of your home Our team of certified professionals ensure that our customers win all of the time Cost Based on our understanding of varying customers’ area of need and challenge peculiarity, we offer two packages for ease of request. These are as highlighted. Package A – Gold Home This â€Å"Gold Home† offer is for clients who require cleaning services only. It serves as our basic cleaning solution option for clients who need a one-time support in the holistic cleaning of their home. It makes use of the â€Å"neat home† value delivery approach through well experienced and professional hands. S/N Item Description Cost ($) Units Amount 1 2 General home cleaning Perfumery 150 50 1 1 150 50 Package B – Diamond Home Plus This is an easy-to-customize option that puts into consideration clients who work long hours and some others who may have children to care of among other unique considerations. Some clients may also require only a portion of the complete solution while others will appreciate some more value-added. Feel free to use this option for home event support and para-home (say Birthday, Anniversary, etc) events support option. The Package B provides easy to change cost offers tailored to meet specific customer demands. S/N Item Description Cost Range($) Units Amount ($) 1 2 3 Customized home cleaning Perfumery (Custom options) Other peculiarities 100 250 30 100 3 4 Contact Methods: Telephone, Email, Web address, Physical Location Cleaning is our business as we will be glad to provide you with top-notch customer-centered service on request. Please feel free to use the toll free number on the contact methods. It will help us know the uniqueness you may so desire. We will have one of our service representatives contact you with regards to this. Thank you for the opportunity to apply ourselves in service to you.

My personal statement Essay Example for Free

My personal statement Essay If students want to continue their education and enter the desired college, they should go through the admission process. It includes exams and delivering common application essays. This essay type gives students the chance to show their personal traits, attitudes, interests, and individuality. Your essay is meant to impress the admissions committee. You should prove that you are the best candidate to study in their college. This is a positive advertisement about those sides of student’s life that can’t be deduced from their official documents and study ratings. Typically, students can opt from several prompts which are provided by the college. These prompts revolve around students’ experiences, beliefs, habits and dreams and not academic achievements or grades. To write a college essay that stands out, you should concentrate on prominent events in your life that influence your personality, something connected with challenging situations or personal achievements. You can write how you managed to overcome your fears and learn new experience. You can describe the most important people in your life and how they encourage your personal growth. Having read hundreds of college essays, your essay should be personal, original and creative to grab the attention of the members of the board. Your essay has to be delivered in the form of a story – this should be a real-life situation or event with a considerable impact on your personality. Choose the subject which is meaningful and interesting to you. Here is a sample of a common application essay that can be used to create your own unique story. â€Å"As long as I can remember, I have always heard that a girl should be an obedient wife, a patient mother and a perfect cook. All my girlfriends from high school like to repeat that it’s a demanding and complicate job to be a housewife. The same goes with my mother. â€Å"Rachel, one day you will grow up, meet a proper man and your destiny is to become his wife. You will live in a beautiful house with two adorable children and your only worries will be what to prepare for dinner.† My mother was raised in a very conservative atmosphere of a wealthy family where the man works and woman cleans and cooks. My grandmother taught her how to be a housewife, elegant and charming whose main aim was to please her husband and raise children. Despite being a polite girl and nodding to my mother’s thoughts, inside I was crying from weakness – these ideas were opposite to those I wanted to build my life on. I was sixteen years old when my friend Monika popped into my house one Saturday evening to have a nice chit chat between two best friends about boys, dresses and holidays. And she told one thing with which I can’t agree till now. â€Å"Every girl should be prepared to dedicate her life to her husband and his success, so I am already learning how to make pancakes and roast beef.† Well, to say that I was irritated is to say nothing – I have already heard a million variants of this idea from my own relatives. Every family dinner this topic was brought up with my grandfather or father. I was confused and disappointed. â€Å"Do you really believe that family life is the most important thing in woman’s life? What about women who want to have a proper career and try to achieve their goals and dreams,† I asked my friend. â€Å"What for?† she replied. â€Å"It’s generally considered that men are better at doing business than women plus they should provide for his family by earning enough money. They are supposed to be the head of the family while wives have to make their home comfortable for living.† At that moment I remembered my grandfather and his attitude towards women and their work. He was of an authoritative type always telling my grandmother and then his daughter how to live and what to want. He was descended from a poor family of Irish immigrants whose main goal in life was to earn money, get respect of the community and have food on their tables every day. He worked tirelessly day and night to become a decent citizen. He managed to fulfill his dreams but not without me grandmother’s help who sacrificed her dreams to be able to support him all the time. I love my grandparents very much, I do. But their way of looking at thing is completely different from mine. When I first told them that I want to become a surgeon to help people they didn’t take my words seriously. After laughing for some time, my grandfather replied, â€Å"Rachel, sweetheart, that’s a wonderful idea but don’t you want to have a lovely marriage? That should be enough for a young girl. You will have of whom to take care; you will have a couple of lively kids who will be your delight. Why do you want to spend so much time in this profession if you come back sooner or later to give birth?† I knew that their intentions are well-meaning and they worry about me – they just showed their love in such a way. But I also knew I wasn’t able to forget about my hopes and dreams and live up to their expectations. I told them I was going to university to obtain a university degree and continue my higher education. They weren’t pleased but supported. I am very grateful to them as if my grandfather was against this idea, I would never be able to save people’s lives. They were from an older generation who managed to survive very complicated periods in the history of our country. Their values were formed in the past when the world was different and women job was treated not so much with respect as it is now. So I decided to live my life and forget about artificial limitations created by society – these are the remnants of the past which should vanish soon. Women are ready to show their talent, determination, and skills alongside with men. We are not afraid of obstacles on our way and if I fail that will be not because I am a woman but because I didn’t work hard enough. So I want to give my friend Monika an answer that can be given to all of those who thinks women should be limited in their personal growth: â€Å"Maybe in the past women didn’t have chances to study, develop and create but the current situation is completely different. Gender is not an excuse and doesn’t define our lives. We have all possibilities to conduct our lives as we want, it is our choice and responsibility so why not to try?†

Biomimetic Lumbar Artificial Intervertebral Disc

Biomimetic Lumbar Artificial Intervertebral Disc Rapid Prototyping of a Biomimetic Lumbar Artificial Intervertebral Disc for Total Disc Replacement Arthroplasty Abstract Intervertebral discs (IVDs) are soft tissues that provide flexibility to the vertebral column by transmitting and distributing the large loads that act on the spine. Degeneration of any of the IVD components may cause low back pain (LBP) in a significant amount of the worlds population due to change in the entire discs mechanics. IVD arthroplasty or total disc replacement (TDR) is an alternative to spinal fusion by allowing some movement to be restored to the patient. Existing artificial disc replacements (AIDs) have not the same properties of a normal biological IVDs, and may cause further complications such as metallosis, osteolysis, and implant dislodgement. Currently, there exist no AIDs that allow the same range of motion, mechanical performance, and comparable life span to a biological IVD. This projects seeks to create a soft and flexible biomimetic AID with equivalent mechanical properties by rapid prototyping to be able to personalize the implant to suit the anatomical chara cteristics of each individual. Background The spinal column provides rigidity and stability to the skeleton; it is divided into 4 distinct spinal regions: cervical (C1 C7), thoracic (T1 T12), lumbar (L1 L5), and sacral (S1 S5). Each section of the spine is composed of osseous elements called vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs (IVD) attached to the surfaces of the vertebral bodies. IVDs are composed of soft tissue with three main components: the gelatinous nucleus pulposus (NP) at the centre, the surrounding concentric collagen layers of the annulus fibrosus (AF), and the cartilaginous endplates that attach the NP and the AF to the vertebral bodies. Degeneration of any of these soft tissues will cause the mechanical behaviour of the entire disc to change [1]. In particular, degeneration of the nucleus pulposus causes the loss of osmotic pressure and hydration. Consequently, the fluid exchange is reduced and affects the tissues cellular function and disc height diminution. Producing as a result an increase in disc instability and impingement of the roots of the spine triggering discogenic pain [2] [3]. IVD degeneration in any of the spinal regions directly contributes to instability, axial back pain [3]. The strongest compression forces that affect the components of the spine are experienced at the height of the lumbar-sacral regions (L4-L5 and L5-S1) [4] [5] [6] often resulting in lumbar or low back pain (LBP) [3]. LBP is the second most frequent reason for a medical intervention in the USA [7], affecting an estimated 80% [6] of the worlds population at some point of their lives; with an estimated economic impact of approximately $100 billion in the USA [8] [9], and  £12 billion in the UK [10] per annum. While surgery is not the first choice to treat discogenic pain, it is considered after a six month period of conservative pain management fails to ease the patients pain [3] [6]. Surgical options for LBP include dynamic stabilization, spinal fusion, and total disc replacement (TDR) surgery [3] [6]. TDR is an alternative treatment that may be used in some patients instead of spinal fusion [3]; it consists removing the damaged IVD and using a mechanical device to replace it and restore movement to the affected zone [1] [3] [11]. This method aims to restore movement to the spine and prevent early degeneration and disease of adjacent segments that may be caused by the load and motion redistribution of a fused spinal segment [3] [12]; TDR has a significantly reduced surgery time, shorter postoperative recuperation, improved patient recovery, and acceptable level of morbidity [3] [11] [13]. Among the most used artificial intervertebral discs (AIDs) commercially available now include: Chari te artificial discs (Depuy, Johnson and Johnson) [14] [13], ProDisc-L (DePuy Synthes) [3] [13]. Statement of the Problem AIDs are more commonly made from hard materials, such as metals, ceramics and hard polymers [11] [13] [15], but these experience wear and may even result in metallosis, osteolysis and implant dislodgement [11] [16] Current technologies consist mostly of superposed metallic plates with another core material acting as the nucleus pulposus. The surfaces of the implants connected to the vertebras may lead to the formation of tight bonds that cause clashing movements between the plate and core materials hindering the implant-bone interface. In reality, these AIDs have limited mobility compared to normal biological IVDs, and may further deteriorate the patients condition by dislodging from the vertebral bodies or releasing debris from the wear and friction of the implant [11] [17]. Flexible AIDs made from polymeric materials have been deemed as unable to sustain the high mechanical loads of the spine [15]. Shikinami et al pioneered a flexible 3D woven fabric AID made form bioinert ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) [16]. Their AID consisted of mimicking the collagenous fibre arrangement of a normal biological IVD using a triaxial fibre arrangement able to exhibit similar mechanical properties to a human IVD; however, they acknowledged that wear debris occurred at the bone-implant interface in vitro and their fixation method could cause direct bonding to the vertebral bodes or cause fibrous connective tissues to cover the interface [17]. The Bonassar group at Cornell University have devised a composite AID made form TE-TDR and ovine AF and NP cell. After being implanted in the rat caudal lumbar spine for six months, it was shown to maintain adequate disc height (78%) and ECM deposition into the vertebral bodies and endplate. Nevertheless, this composite AID was only tested axially and it is not known if such composite would be able to resist bending and torsion [18]. More recently, a fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printed composite TE-TDR PCL scaffold was created to replicate a rabbit IVD [19]. Their results show that their model exhibited higher compressive stiffness than that of a human IVD and prove that personalised implants created by rapid prototyping are promising in the future. However, their proposed implant does not mimic the internal structure of a normal biological IVD. Thus far, there are no commercial AID implants that cater to the unique anatomical features of each individual. Furthermore, current soft AID implants being investigated have the following concerns: these seldom mimic the radially alternating lamellas of the AF, have been thoroughly tested in the six degrees of freedom that the human spine endures, or promote appropriate implant vertebral body integration. Research Objectives The guiding research question is: Would a 3D printed soft biomimetic AID be able to have the same mobility and mechanical properties of a normal biological IVD? This involves the following specific objectives: To create an accurate 3D printed biomimetic implant mimicking the radially alternating lamellas of the annulus fibrosus. Assess the implants endurance and fatigue resistance. To promote cellular integration of the implants top and bottom surfaces into the vertebral bodies without hindering the implants performance. Compare the biomimetic implant to commercially available AIDs implants. Methodology The research plan will proceed in two phases. During the first phase, 1) I will collect anthropometric data to generate a geometrically accurate IVD model from CT/MRI databases using Materialise Mimics (Materialise NV). From this model, 2) I will create a CAD model of a biomimetic IVD implant mimicking the AF lamellas , and 3) perform FEA on the model to determine if the chosen materials will be able to sustain the in vivo loads a natural IVD experiences. In this first phase, I will also perform FEA analysis of commercially available artificial disc implants and compare them to our biomimetic IVD implant. The final step of the first phase is to 3D print the biomimetic model and if needed 4) optimize it to account for any warping or curling of the material, or any other defects caused by the rapid prototyping. During the second phase, 5) I will test implant wear, endurance, and other mechanical properties and 6) biocompatibility and osseous integration to the top and bottom surfaces of the biomimetic IVD and assess cellular attachment to the vertebras. I will also 7) compare our biomimetic IVD to commercially available artificial discs such as Charite (Depuy, Johnson and Johnson) and ProDisc-L (DePuy Synthes). Tentative Timeline Phase 1: Green Phase 2: Blue 2018 2019 2020 Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Finalize project description 1) Anthropometric data acquisition 2) Biomimetic CAD model of IVD implant. 3) FEA analysis of CAD model 4) 3D printing optimization of model 5) Mechanical testing of 3D printed model 6) Biocompatibility and integration of biomimetic IVD implant 7) Comparison to commercially available TDR implants 8) Preparing Thesis and Defense Defense X References [1] D. H. Cortes and D. M. Elliot, The Intervertebral Disc: Overview of Disc Mechanics, in The Intervertebral Disc, Springer-Verlag Wien, 2014, pp. 17-31. [2] S. M. Richardson, A. J. Freemont and J. A. Hoyland, Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, in The Intervertebral Disc, Springer-Verlag Wien, 2014, pp. 177-200. [3] D. G. Sueki and B. Barcohana, Lumbar Spine Disc Replacement, in Rehabilitation for the Postsurgical Orthopedic Patient, St. Louis, Elsevier Mosby, 2013, pp. 335-360. [4] A. MRÓZ, K. SKALSKI and W. WALCZYK, New lumbar disc endoprosthesis applied to the patients anatomic features, Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 25-34, 2015. [5] J. L. Pinheiro-Franco and P. Roussouly, The Importance of Sagittal Balance for the Treatment of Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease, in Advanced Concepts in Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease, Spinger, 2016, pp. 703-724. [6] R. R. Patel, J. A. Rihn, R. K. Ponnoppan and T. J. Albert, Surgical Indications for Lumbar Degenerative Disease, in The Intervertebral Disc, Wien, Springer-Verlag, 2014, pp. 213-224. [7] A. Borthakur and R. Reddy, Imaging Modalities for Studying Disc Pathology, in The Intervertebral Disc, Wien, Springer-Verlag, 2014, pp. 201- 212. [8] K. JN, Lumbar disc disorders and low-back pain: socioeconomic factors and consequences [review]., J Bone Joint Surg Am, vol. 88, pp. 21-24, 2006. [9] W. T. Crow and D. R. Willis, Estimating Cost of Care for Patients With Acute Low Back Pain: A Retrospective Review of Patient Records, The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, vol. 109, pp. 229-233, 2009. [10] D. G. T. Whitehurst, S. Bryan, M. Lewis, J. Hill and E. M. Hay, Exploring the cost-utility of stratified primary care management for low back pain compared with current best practice within risk-defined subgroups, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 17, pp. 1796-1802, 2012. [11] C. K. Lee and V. K. Goel, Artificial disc prosthesis: design concepts and criteria, The Spine Journal , vol. 4, pp. 209S-218S, 2004. [12] F. Garcà ­a Vacas, F. Ezquerro Juanco, A. Pà ©rez de la Blanca, M. Prado Novoa and S. Postigo Pozo, The flexion-extension response of a novel lumbar intervertebral disc prosthesis: A finite element study, Mechanism and Machine Theory, vol. 73, pp. 273-281, 2013. [13] J. M. Vital and L. Boissiere, Total Disc Replacement, Orthopaedics Traumatology: Surgery Research , vol. 100, pp. S1-S14, 2014. [14] R. D. Guyer and D. D. Ohnmeiss, A Prospective Randomized Comparison of Two Lumar Total Disk Replacements, in Surgery for Low Back Pain, Springer-Verlag, 2010, pp. 193-197. [15] D. G. Kang, M. D. Helgeson and A. R. Vaccaro, Spinal Motion Restoration Devices for the Degenerative Disc, in The Intervertebral Disc, Springer-Verlag, 2014, pp. 225-246. [16] Y. Shikinami, Y. Kotani, B. W. Cunningham, K. Abumi and K. Kaneda, A Biomimetic Artificial Disc with Improved Mechanical Properties Compared to Biological Intervertebral Discs, Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 14, no. 11, 2004. [17] Y. Shikinami, Y. Kawabe, K. Yasukawa, K. Tsuta, Y. Kotani and K. Abumi, A biomimetic artificial intervertebral disc system composed of a cubic three-dimensional fabric, The Spine Journal, vol. 10, pp. 141-152, 2010. [18] R. D. Bowles, H. H. Gebhard, R. Hartl and L. J. Bonassar, Tissue-engineered intervertebral discs produce new matrix, maintain disc height, and restore biomechanical function to the rodent spine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 32, p. 13106-13111, 2011. [19] S. Van Uden, J. Silva-Correia, V. M. Correlo, J. M. Oliveira and R. L. Reis, Custom-Tailored Tissue Engineered Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Total Disc Replacement, Biofabrication, vol. 7, no. 1, 2015.

Native Son Letter :: Native Son Richard Wright

June 17, 1938 Dear Bigger, This letter comes to you because, I don't think you acted like a role model as your character in Native Son. You play a huge role in the book. I would like to do what you get to do such as going where ever you want anytime. Walking around disrespecting your parents isn't going to help your relationship with them improve. You walk around with your best friends that are underage smoking and drinking which are setting bad examples. From your siblings, and your moms point of view I don't think that behavior would be acceptable. Everyday you walk around with your drooping down trying to find some one to take your anger out on just because you made a bad decision. You should not take your parents and sister for granted. If you ask me I would not disrespect my parents like you do. I'm glad my parents are here on this Earth. They take care of me and I'm not going to take it for granted. When I grow up I don't want to be a smoker or a drinker. When I get mad I try not to take my anger out on someone else. I'm usually just mad at myself for the stupid decision I made. Sincerely,

Sport Record :: Sports Records Papers

Sport Record The founding father of the Olympic Movement, Pierre de Coubertin, referred to the sport record as having the same function in the ideology of Olympism as the principle of gravity in Newtonian mechanics (Loland 1995). The record was, so to speak, the eternal axiom of sport. No doubt, Coubertin was right in many ways. The fascination for records is a key element in our fascination for sports. Records are the stuff of which legends and myths are made. Johnny Weissmuller's 1924 one hundred meter freestyle swim under the minute, Wilma Rudolph's fabulous sprint records from the early 1960s, and Michael Johnson's explosive two hundred meter record run at the 1996 Atlanta Games, are all paradigmatic examples of Coubertin's ideals. The record stands as a symbolic message of human greatness and infinite possibility. However, as will be shown in this paper, the record idea is not unproblematic. First, sport records are defined. Second, based on critical, conceptual analyses, the logic of the record is examined and possible consequences are discussed of the continuous quest for new records. Finally, some reflections are presented on alternative lines of developments in sport in which the status of the record idea is drastically reduced. Record Sports, Quasi Record Sports, and Games A sport record is a performance, measured in exact mathematical-physical entities (meters, seconds or kilograms) within a standardized spatio-temporal framework defined by sport rules, that is better than all previous performances measured in the same way. Typical record sports are athletics, swimming, and weight lifting. Record sports have to satisfy strict requirements on both standardization of conditions and on exact measurement of performance. A series of sport disciplines satisfy one of these two criteria. In marathon running and cross-country skiing, performances are measured and compared by exact timing, but there are no standardized arenas. The Boston Marathon is rather different from the one in Oslo. The conditions and trails of cross-country ski races vary from race to race. We sometimes talk of records here, but in an inaccurate way. Disciplines with exact performance measurements but without strictly standardized frameworks can perhaps better be called quasi-record sports. Other sport disciplines have well-defined standardized spatial frameworks but do not measure performances in exact ways. In terms of arenas, soccer and tennis are more or less identical from match to match. Performances, however, are measured in non-precise entities like goals, points, sets, and games. Moreover, performances are in a sense relative as they depend upon social interaction with other competitors.

Types of Conversation Essay -- Communication, Misunderstanding

Question 1: Describe the situation and why the conversation will be a difficult one. This August, during my short vacation back home, I am planning to have a difficult conversation with a former fellow who I have known three years ago while I was serving in the Taiwanese Armed Forces. We were best friends at that time; however, due to a series of misunderstanding occurred in the last month of our service, we stopped talking to each other ever since and eventually became estranged. Now every time when I look back at our withering friendship, I cannot help but feel regret about it. And I am planning to have a difficult conversation with this friend, trying to recover our long past friendship. It will be a difficult conversation for us for several reasons. First, we have not stayed in touch since our discharge from the armed forces. Several years have passed and now it seems imperative that we re-establish an effective communication channel and get to re-know each other in the shortest possible time. Second, when dealing with the â€Å"what happened† conversation, we must manage to revisit all the misunderstanding occurred two years ago, so that we are able to exchange our stories. Lastly, we need to properly and openly express our feelings, a challenging situation that I am not comfortable with. Considering all these factors, I anticipate our conversation to be both a difficult and a challenging one. Question 2: Discuss the what happened conversation. The â€Å"what happened† conversation centers on a disagreement generated by misunderstanding between two parties (Heen et al, p.26, 2010). In such a difficult conversation, we must first understand that it is rarely about getting the facts right, but rather, it is about conflicting percep... ...ore about his story and recognize the misunderstanding involved, but also directly encourage him to reveal more of his story. This will lead to effective communication between us. Second, I must speak for myself with clarity and power, so that I can express what I am thinking and feeling. As I am usually not a confident speaker, some preparations will help me identify the key issues in my story, so that I can give him the whole spectrum of my story during our conversation. I must provide the context and the development of my feelings during those past events to help him understand me better. By carefully examining all the above-mentioned tactics, I found that a difficult conversation is all about communication. By openly expressing my story and actively listening to his story, I should feel confident that I will eventually succeed in such a difficult conversation.

Guyana’s Culture

Culture name: Guyanese Identification. Guyana is an Amerindian word meaning â€Å"the land of many waters. † Attempts to forge a common identity have foundered, and it is more accurate to speak of African, Indian, and Amerindian Guyanese cultures. There were small European, Portuguese â€Å"colored,† and Chinese communities before large-scale migration to Canada and the United States in the late 1960s. British Guiana was referred to as â€Å"the land of six peoples. † Location and Geography.Guyana is on the northeastern shoulder of South America, bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Suriname, on the northwest by Venezuela, and on the south and southwest by Brazil. The capital city is Georgetown. In an area of 83,000 square miles (212,000 square kilometers), there are three regions: the narrow coastal belt of rich alluvium; the densely forested, hilly sand and clay belt; and the Rupununi grasslands between the rain forests and the frontier wi th Brazil. Over 90 percent of the population lives on the coastal belt, which is below sea level.The Dutch, using African slaves in the eighteenth century, made this area habitable. Every square mile of cultivated land has forty-nine miles of drainage canals and ditches and sixteen miles of high-level waterways. Demography. The population was 758,619 in 1980. It had declined to 723,800 in 1991, and an estimated 720,700 in 1996. In 1991, the population consisted of 49 percent Indians; 35 percent Africans; 7 percent mixed race peoples; and 6. 8 percent Amerindians. Indians are of the following religions: Hindu, 65 percent; Muslim, 20 percent; and Christian, 15 percent.Massive migration has led to the virtual disappearance of Chinese, mixed, Europeans, and Portuguese. Linguistic Affiliation. The official language is English. No African languages survived slavery, nor have those of the indentured laborers (Indians, Madeiran Portuguese, and Chinese). Guyanese speak creole dialects of Eng lish with varying ethnic lexical imprints. However, all dialects are mutually intelligible. Symbolism. There are few national symbols or metaphors. The national hero, Cuffy, the leader of the Berbice Slave Rebellion in 1763, is primarily an African Guyanese hero whose statue in Georgetown evokes Indian antipathy.Indians tend to identify with an India of the imagination and the Hindu and Muslim religions. Africans often look to an imagined Africa. The utopian vision of Guyana—El Dorado—created by Sir Walter Raleigh in the 1590s, claims the imagination of most Guyanese today. History and Ethnic Relations National Identity. The colonial rulers promoted images of Britishness to inculcate loyalty to the empire, but although various ethnic groups absorbed aspects of that culture, they retained their identities. The Portuguese attempted to selectively Anglicize their Madeiran Catholic culture to stress their European-ness.Most Africans adapted British culture to an essentiall y African core. Indians, coming after the Africans (between 1838 and 1917), sustained a stronger sense of their national identity. This process of â€Å"creolization† affected all groups but did not forge a national culture. Ethnic Relations. After adopting British cultural idioms, the African and mixed middle class deprecated the â€Å"backward coolie† culture of Indians. The Indians, steeped in ancient notions of caste, brought rigid ideals of color and physical features to their judgment of African people, although most Indian immigrants were themselves dark.Africans and Indians thus constructed distinct Guyana identities. A brief political compromise in the early 1950s could not moderate their mutual incomprehension. In the early 1960s, both groups violently contested the space being vacated by the British; this has left a legacy of racial hatred. Ethnic relations since independence in 1966 have been undermined by the notion that politics consists of the allocation of the spoils of power to the ruling ethnic section. Alternating ruling African and Indian elites publicly criticize the role of culture and ethnicity in political mobilization while exploiting it.Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space The two main commercial centers are Georgetown and New Amsterdam. The colonial architecture found in parts of Georgetown is still impressive wooden buildings with jalousies and high ceilings to facilitate ventilation, some featuring large, wooden verandas. In rural areas, there are many wooden buildings made up of many eclectic styles, but all are built on stilts to protect them from floods. Wooden buildings are fading into the past, however, as concrete buildings are becoming more common. Food and EconomyFood in Daily Life. Basic foods reflect ethnic preferences, but there has been considerable cross-fertilization. The creole foods created by Africans have been adopted by all the other groups. Dishes made from â€Å"ground provisions† n ow constitute a national menu: crab or fish soups with plantains, eddoes, cassava, dasheen, and coconut milk; â€Å"cook-up rice† with black-eyed peas, pigs tail, green plantain, and cassareep; and Indian curries and roti. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. At African festivals and life cycle rites, creole foods are served.Vegetarian curries are provided at Hindu weddings; the day after a wedding, curried meat is served. Basic Economy. Most food is produced locally, including rice, fruits and vegetables, sugar, cooking oils, fish and seafood, meat, and rum. Colonial tastes survive in the form of sardines, corned beef and mutton, chocolate, and whiskey. Imports largely consist of fuels and lubricants, cars, agricultural machinery, clothing and footwear, and consumer durables. Commercial Activities. In a primarily agricultural country, the main exports are sugar and rum.Rice is grown primarily on small farms, and coconuts also are an important crop. The major industrial prod ucts are bauxite, gold, and lumber. Fishing is established, as is livestock rearing. Tourism, mainly to the wild interior, is in its infancy. Major Industries. Industry is still in its infancy in Guyana. The one exception to this are the companies that process bauxite and the facilities in rural areas set up to dredge for gold. Trade. Guyana trades primarily with the European Union (mainly the United Kingdom), Canada, the United States, and the Caribbean community.Most of the country's main export, sugar, is sold to the European Union. The bulk of rice production goes to the Caribbean, and bauxite is exported to Canada and the United States. Division of Labor. Eighty percent of workers in the sugar industry and 90 percent of rice farmers are Indian, as are many growers of fruits and vegetables and forestry and fishing workers. Africans tend to go into the professions, work in public service, and seek employment as skilled workers in urban centers and the interior. Social Stratificat ion Classes and Castes.There are class differences within each ethnic group. One can identify an Indian middle class based primarily in commerce and an African middle class in the professions and the upper echelons of public service. Middle class consciousness across ethnic lines is weak, and includes very few Amerindians. Between 1988 and 1996, gross domestic product increased by forty percent, with remarkable growth in sectors where Indians are disproportionately represented. The public sector, where Africans dominate, experienced no growth in that period.Symbols of Social Stratification. Markers that locate people as middle class regardless of ethnicity include place of residence, the employment of security guards, the type of car driven, the type of English spoken, the frequency of travel overseas, where and what the men drink, where the women shop, clubs, and access to private tutors for children. Political Life Government. The 1992 and 1997 general elections were won by the pr edominantly Indian People's Progressive Party (PPP).The elections of 1968, 1973, 1980, and 1985 and the referendum of 1978 were widely seen to be rigged in favor of the predominantly African People's National Congress (PNC), which ruled from 1964 to 1992. The electoral system has been one of proportional representation since 1964. Fifty-three seats in the national Parliament are allocated proportionally. Another tier of government serves the ten regions; the President, who is the leader of the victorious party, heads the government but does not sit in Parliament. Leadership and Political Officials.Elections are a demonstration of ethnic strength rather than a reflection of popular will. Cheddi Jagan and L. F. S. Burnham were the cofounders of the PPP, a loose coalition of the two main ethnic groups. The first PPP government, elected in April 1953, was thrown out by the British for fear of communism. Party rivalries since that time have involved different versions of Marxism, and the various parties have failed to deal with racial antagonism. Military Activity. Before the 1990s, the army was crucial to the projection of political power, and was a source of employment for African youths.In 1992, the Guyana Defence Force was 97 percent African and 3 percent Amerindian, with Indians accounting for less than one percent. Gender Roles and Statuses Division of Labor by Gender. The economic and political spheres are dominated by men, but a few women are senior officials in the government. Although there has been one female president, there is a paucity of women in the cabinet, the legislature, and the leadership of political parties. Women play a significant role as farmers, market vendors, teachers, nurses, civil servants, and clerks, as well as doing housework.In recent years girls have outperformed boys in regional examinations, and more women than men attend university. The Relative Status of Women and Men. The abandonment of children by fathers and a culture of m ale-centered drinking frequently leave women with the sole responsibility for their children. In urban areas, where the extended family is often nonexistent, many African women are the family breadwinners. The state provides virtually no social welfare assistance. Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage. Among Hindus and Muslims, arranged, comparatively early marriages are common.Middle-class Indians have greater freedom in choosing a spouse, especially if the woman is a professional. Marriage usually occurs later, and the family is smaller. Indian families are patriarchal and often function as corporate economic units. Formal marriage is less common among the African working class, and the middle classes marry later. Domestic Unit. There is a high incidence of multi-generational women-centered households in working-class families. Younger men may belong to and contribute to the household, and older men may join later.Men usually marry late and often engage A woman prepares cachiri, an alcoholic drink, in a workshop. in serial monogamy before forming a stable relationship. Socialization Infant Care. Among all the ethnic groups, the extended family plays a role in the socialization of children. In an outdoor society, children are allowed to roam. In rural communities, discipline is a communal responsibility. Children and younger adults address elders not by their names but as â€Å"auntie† or â€Å"uncle. † Children usually are carried by parents, siblings, and relatives. Child Rearing and Education.Teaching children â€Å"correct† behavior is a priority. Corporal punishment is considered indispensable, and attendance at church, temple, or mosque is used to inculcate moral values. Life cycle rites and rituals are central to the shaping of a child. Higher Education. Mixed people and Africans were pioneers in education. Until the 1930s, Indians tended to resist educating girls, but the example of other groups and the emergence of an Indian mid dle class have led to a changed attitude. Until decolonization in the late 1960s, secondary schools were excellent.The University of Guyana, founded in 1963, has produced many distinguished scholars and professionals, but it has also suffered from the mass exodus of Guyanese academics. Religion Religious beliefs. African, Amerindian, and Indian traditional cultures have sustained folk practices that have penetrated Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Obeah has its roots in African folk religion but influences Indians as well, and Indian spirit possession has affected rural African religious sensibility. Religious Practitioners. Christian ministers, Hindu priests (Brahmins), and Muslim imams command considerable deference.However, folk religious leaders such as obeah men and women, charismatic leaders in Afro-Christian sects, and similar leaders in folk Hinduism compete with the established religious leaders. Death and the Afterlife. Death requires the public articulation of grief; th e â€Å"wake† or vigil, facilitates communal support for the bereaved, who reciprocate by providing a feast for the community. Hindus believe in reincarnation, and Africans believe that the spirit of the dead must be placated and assisted. Produce displayed for sale at a market in Parika Quayside. Agriculture is Guyana's principal commercial activity.Secular Celebrations Most festivals are based on Christian, Hindu, and Islamic beliefs, so there are few truly secular holidays or events. However, â€Å"Mashramani† is celebrated to mark the country's Republic Day on 23 February, and the anniversary of the Berbice Slave Rebellion of 1763 is also noted. The Arts and Humanities Support for the Arts. It is extremely difficult for artists to survive as public funding is very limited. Many artists have migrated. Literature. Africans celebrate their history of resistance and achievement through Anancy tales, proverbs, songs, and stories. This tradition has haped Guyanese litera ry sensibility. The first major Guyanese novelist was Edgar Mittelholzer (1909–1965), who lived and worked in England most of his life. His first novel,Corentyne Thunder,  was published in 1941 and was followed by 22 additional novels. Another noted Guyanese author, Wilson Harris (1923–), also did most of his writing in England. His works were greatly influenced by Amerindian myths and the haunting solitude of the rain forests and its majestic rivers. The country's best-known poet is Martin Carter (1927–1996), whose work was influenced by the political turmoil of the 1940s and early 1950s. Graphic Arts.The country's most accomplished painter, Aubrey Williams, was steeped in Amerindian motifs and images of the hinterland. The work of the sculptor Philip Moore is informed by West African artistic forms and motifs. In pottery, woodcraft, and basketry, Amerindians produce for the domestic and foreign markets. There is a national collection of paintings but no nati onal gallery. Performance Arts. There is a rich heritage of folk music, dance, and drama in each of the main ethnic groups but no art form to project a national identity. The impact of the national School of Dance has been limited; music and dance are still essentially ethnic.The Theatre Guild in Georgetown has sustained a dramatic tradition, as has the professional Theatre Company, but drama appeals mainly to the elite. Bibliography Adamson, Alan H. Sugar without Slaves: The Political Economy of British Guiana, 1838–1904  , 1972. Benjamin, Joel, Lakshmi Kallicharan, Ian McDonald, and Lloyd Searwar, eds. They Came in Ships: An Anthology of Indo-Guyanese Prose and Poetry  , 1998. Brown, Stewart ed. The Art of Martin Carter  , 2000. Carter, Martin. Selected Poems  , 1997. Jagan, Cheddi. The West on Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom  , 1966. McGowan, Winston F. James G. Rose, and David A. Granger, eds. Themes in African Guyanese History  , 1998. Menezes, Mary Noel . The Portuguese of Guyana: A Study in Culture and Conflict  , 1994. Moore, Brian. Cultural Power, Resistance and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900  , 1995. Rodney, Walter. A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881–1905  , 1981. Seecharan, Clem. â€Å"Tiger in the Stars†: The Anatomy of Indian Achievement in British Guiana, 1919–1929  , 1997. ——. â€Å"The Shaping of the Indo-Caribbean People: Guyana and Trinidad to the 1940s. †Ã‚  Journal of Caribbean Studies  14 (1–2): 61–92, 1999–2000.Smith, Raymond T. The Negro Family in British Guiana: Family Structure and Social Status in the Villages  , 1956. ——. British Guiana  , 1962. Spinner, Thomas J. ,  A Political and Social History of Guyana, 1945–1983  , 1983. St. Pierre, Maurice. Anatomy of Resistance: Anti-Colonialism in Guyana, 1823–1966  , 1999. Sue-a-Quan, Trev. Cane Reapers: Chinese Indentured Immigrants in Guyana  , 1999. —C  LEM  S  EECHARAN Read more:  Culture of Guyana – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social  http://www. everyculture. com/Ge-It/Guyana. html#b#ixzz28QSplBsF

Protestant Reformation and Hamlet S Character

To Do or Not To Do? How many times does one find themselves shirking responsibilities they accepted, or avoiding promises they made? One who often finds himself in such situations, will most likely be able to relate with William Shakespeare’s character, Hamlet. In Hamlet, Hamlet is commanded by his father’s ghost to avenge his murder. Whenever Hamlet is presented with an opportunity to do so, he delays his action. Hamlet’s inability to act is a product of the time period during which the play was written. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet during the 1600s in Elizabethan England, during the time of the Renaissance and the Reformation. The Renaissance and Reformation’s belief in ghosts, ways of thinking, views on revenge, and doubts about the afterlife cause Hamlet’s inability to act on his father’s request. The effects of the Renaissance and the Reformation on Hamlet’s character, are manifest even before he meets the ghost. Formal mourning was taken seriously during the Renaissance, and most had people heeded a custom (which was usually upheld by a law) which forbade a widow to remarry earlier than a year following the death of her husband. In the start of the play, following his father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage, Hamlet enters with his suit of black, complete with mourning cloak and hood. At this point, Hamlet is already established as a Renaissance figure. Furthermore, Hamlet asks Gertrude and Claudius if he can return to university. Gertrude replies â€Å"go not to Wittenberg† (1. 2. 119). Hamlet studied at Wittenberg, a center of the Reformation. Hamlet’s past behavior gives evidence that he is affected by the Renaissance and the Reformation. The effect that the Renaissance and Reformation have on his actions is most apparent in his inability to avenge his father’s murder. Hamlet learns from the ghost of his father that his death had been a murder, and that â€Å"the serpent that did sting thy father's life now wears his crown† (1. 5. 46-47). The ghost asks Hamlet to â€Å"Avenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (1. 5. 26). Hamlet is eager to undertake this responsibility, and says â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift / As mediation or the thoughts of love / May sweep to my revenge† (1. 5. 30-32). But in actuality, Hamlet rethinks his commitment, and procrastinates. One instance of Hamlet procrastination is when he decides that he will not kill Claudius until he has actual proof of Claudius’s crime. Hamlet presents Claudius with a play. One sene of the play â€Å"comes near the circumstance,† (3. 2. 76) it’s plot is similar to Old Hamlet’s murder. Hamlet tells Horatio to â€Å"Observe mine uncle. If his occulted guilt / do not itself unkennel in one speech† (3. 2. 79-80). Hamlet wants Horatio to detect any sign of Claudius’s remorse or guilt. Why does Hamlet suddenly begin to doubt the reality of the ghost? Hamlet’s uncertainty is due to his protestant upbringing. â€Å"[Hamlet] attended Wittenberg, a Protestant school . . . and Protestants did not believe in ghosts† (Neuman). The Reformation had given rise to a new faction of the Church, the Protestants. Hamlet was educated by Protestants, who didn’t believe in ghosts, therefore he is reluctant to accept the ghost’s message. Hamlet’s hesitation to believe the ghost can also be related to Renaissance skepticism. Renaissance humanism and individualism, emphasized the belief in human reason, and Humanists started challenging and questioning the world around them. Hamlet is affected by Renaissance skepticism, and therefore is suspicious of the ghost’s reality. Another obstacle that stood in the way of Hamlets revenge was the opposition of the church and state, of Renaissance English, to taking revenge. The state viewed revenge as taking the law into one’s one hands and undermining the political authority of the state. They felt that the right and correct response to the original crime would be to allow the legal system to take over. The church disproved of revenge because they considered it disgraceful and a result of jealousy and hatred. In their opinion, God was the ultimate avenger. Hamlet’s struggles between society’s opposition to revenge and his own personal desire to avenge his father’s death. The belief of the afterlife is another cause for Hamlet’s inaction, lies in. The Protestant Reformation caused many debates about the existence of Purgatory and the road to Heaven. Catholics believe that â€Å"how we behave – will determine where in the afterlife you will eventually end up† (Zammit). One who dies in â€Å"God’s grace and friendship and [is] perfectly purified, live[s] forever in [heaven]. † If one dies and is still â€Å"imperfectly purified,† he will â€Å"undergo purification† (biblehistory) in Purgatory. If one dies â€Å"in a state of mortal sin, [he will] descend into hell† (Catechism of the Catholic Church). On the other hand, Protestants believe that anyone who accepts Jesus, receives him by faith and repents will go to Heaven. Those who reject God are sent to Hell, a place of torment and separation from God. Purgatory is never explicitly mentioned in the bible, therefore Protestants reject the Roman Catholic teaching that there is also a transitional place or process of purification of the soal. According to the Protestants, there is no Purgatory. Hamlet is unsure about the afterlife. At times he accepts the Catholic view, and at other times he trusts the Protestant view. Hamlet is presented with a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius. He approaches a kneeling, praying Claudius, but â€Å"he is consumed with the Christian notion of the afterlife. The conception that if one died while in prayer, they would automatically go to heaven† (A Christian Excuse for Cruelty). Hamlet wants to kill Claudius â€Å"when he is drunk asleep, or in his rage,/ Or in th'incestuous pleasure of his bed,/ At gaming, swearing, or about some act/ That has no relish of salvation in't† (3. 3. 89) so that Claudius will go to Hell. Although in the pervious instance, Hamlet leans towards the Catholic approach, he later discusses his uncertainty about the afterlife. Hamlet feels that if he cannot act, he can at least kill himself to escape his situation. But, in his â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy, Hamlet dismisses his suicidal plans because of his doubts about the afterlife. As Smith points out, at one point in his soliloquy, Hamlet â€Å"thinks for a moment that [death] may be like a deep sleep,† which seems like a fairly pleasant situation. But then, Hamlet wonders, â€Å"To sleep: Perchance to dream: ay there’s the rub; / For in that sleep of death what dreams may come† (3. 1). Hamlet is afraid of the dreams of the after life, the â€Å"pains that the afterlife might bring† (Smith). Hamlet continues to discuss the â€Å"dread of something after death,† and comes to reject his plans of committing suicide because of his dubiousness of the afterlife. Hamlet’s inability to act is largely a byproduct of the time period during which he lived. Hamlet was influenced by society’s views, doubts and beliefs. Even today, people’s actions are largely effected by the characteristics of the time period, and by society's pressures.

Objectives of Kingfisher Airlines Essay

KINGFISHER AIRLINES Kingfisher Airlines Limited is an airline group based in India Its head office is in Andheri (East), Mumbai and Registered Office in UB City, Bangalore. Kingfisher Airlines, through its parent company United Breweries Group, has a 50% stake in low-cost carrier Kingfisher Red. The airline has been facing financial issues for many years. Until December 2011, Kingfisher Airlines had the second largest share in India’s domestic air travel market. However due to a severe financial crisis faced by the airline at the beginning of 2012, it has the lowest market share since April 2012. Vijay Mallya is looking at reports of Q3 of 2008 , thinking that can there beany way to at least break even in this critical time of economic slowdown. Aviation industry is very sensitive industry triggered hard by the recession across the world. Kingfisher reports Rs. 592.96 crore net loss (from exhibit-1) for the quarter ended 31st December 2008. Indian aviation sector is buckling under rising fuel prices & manpower costs and falling air traffic. Sales stood at Rs 1,447 crore versus Rs 1,353 crore, in line with Jet Airways, which also posted a net loss of Rs 214 crore for the quarter under review because of poor load factors. The company claimed that technically, the financial results for the third quarter cannot be compared with the corresponding quarter because the Vijay Malaya-led Kingfisher was not listed last year and this year’s result include figures of erstwhile Air Deccan, which Kingfisher took over last year. â€Å"High fuel and other operating costs coupled with lower load factors contributed to the losses at Kingfisher,† an industry observer said. On the operational front, Kingfisher saw corporate traffic being hit during the quarter because of the economic slowdown. Yields and front-end load factor also suffered â€Å"The full impact of the price reduction in aviation turbine fuel will lower the ai rlines’ operating costs,† HISTORY Kingfisher Airline is a private airline based in Bangalore, India. The airlines owned by Vijay Mallya of United Beverages Group. Kingfisher Airlines started its operations on May 9, 2005 with a fleet of 4 Airbus A320 aircrafts. The destinations covered by Kingfisher Airlines are Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Goa, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Cochin, Guwahati,  Kolkata,Pune, Agartala, Dibrugarh, Mangalore and Jaipur. In a short span of time Kingfisher Airline has carved a niche for itself. The airline offers several unique services to its customers. These include: personal valet at the airport to assist in baggage handling and boarding, exclusive lounges with private space, accompanied with refreshments and music at the airport, audio and video on-demand, with extra-wide personalized screens in the aircraft, sleeperette seats with extendable footrests, and three-course gourmet cuisine. CURRENT SCENARIO Kingfisher Airlines currently operates with a brand new fleet of 8 AirbusA320 aircraft, 3 Airbus A319-100 aircraft and 4 ATR-72 aircraft. It was thefirst airline in India to operate with all new aircrafts. Kingfisher Airlines isalso the first Indian airline to order the Airbus A380. It placed orders for 5 A380s, 5 A350-800 aircrafts and 5Airbus A330-200 aircrafts in a deal valued at over $3 billion on June 15,2005. With the sign of trouble in aviation industry, Kingfisher airlines and Jet airways (used to be competitors), formed alliance (October, 2008) to significantly rationalize and reduce costs and provide improved standards and a wider choice of air travels options to consumers with immediate effect. †¢Kingfisher airline has won global awards at the SKYTRAX World Airline Awards ceremony held recently in Hamburg, Germany (2009). †¢Air France –KLM is in talks with Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airline for having a code-share agreement .The conclusion of this agreement. MERGERS AND ACQISITIONS Dec. 2007Low-cost carrier Deccan and Vijay Mallya-led Kingfisher Airlines decided to merge and create a single corporate entity to cut down operational costs and accelerate their journey to profitability. Shares of Deccan Aviation have doubled in a little over a month in anticipation of a reverse merger of Kingfisher Airlines into Deccan Aviation. Details of Deccan-Kingfisher merger, valuations and swap ratio will be worked out by  accountancy firm KPMG. Mallya would be the chairman and CEO of the merged entity, while executive chairman of Deccan, Captain G R Gopinath would be the vice-chairman. STRATEGIC PARTNERS 1. Kingfisher Airlines Inks Strategic Alliance with American Express. Partners launch India’s first Airline Corporate Charge Card Program Fast track Corporate Savings with exclusive Rebates, Discounts, and Employee Rewards with King Club and Bonus Points. 2. Strategic and operational alliance with rival domestic carrier Jet Airways owned by Naresh Goel in 2009. Current strategy of Kingfisher Airlines Following strategies were followed to make it one of the leading Airlines in India. Functional strategies It planned to re-launch its commercial air service called UB Airway again which it had to withdraw it due to government restrictions. The Company gave best services to its customers that were like providing world class interiors, and in-flight entertainment systems. The company came up with only one class airlines rather than other airlines that had Business Class; Economy Class the idea was to combine Business Class experiences and Economy Class experiences in one. Having a single class freed up more leg space for passengers when compared to normal economy class flights. The company started addressing its customers as â€Å"GUEST† rather than passengers. The company made its mark by providing its guests with more legroom and bigger seats so as to provide better comfort.KFA has set its sight to become India’s largest airline both is capacity and in market share. KFA’s Promotional Strategies & Marketing Strategies It came up with a very appealing Promotional line â€Å"Fly the good times† and  it reflected in the experience the company offered to its passengers.   KFA is also launched Kingfisher express In order to tap into the growing LCCsegment. Also launched the facility of web check-in, allowing travelers to print their boarding passes via www.flykingfisher.com and the introduction of the Roving Agent at the airport. The Roving Agent is like a check-in counter on the move. You no longer need to go to the check-in counter and wait for long. As part of its Promotional strategy the marketing team of KFA showcased the airline as â€Å"the new flying experience†. The following initiatives were taken as part of its promotional strategy†¦Advertisements hoardings at airports depicted the stylish interiors of the â€Å"Fun liners†, which conveyed youthful, fun-filled, and world class image. INOX multiplexes in Mumbai publicized KFA’s special offers for a month. KFA was the official travel airlines for the cast and crew of â€Å"Mangal Pandey†- the movie . KFA made use of various fashion shows, celebrity golf matches, New Year parties allto build its â€Å"Kingfisher† brand. The UB groups’ monthly magazine called â€Å"Pegasus† published information about-face along with other information related to UB group. KFA launched many attractive offers to promote its sales like the â€Å"King Card† in association with ICICI Bank, in August 2005. This was meant to create loyal customers for KFA by providing benefits like privileged access to lounges, restaurants, free refreshments at airports, access to 180 golf clubs across India, special invites for lifestyle shows. In October, KFA launched â€Å"Chill Times Offer â€Å"in the month of August 2005 and September 2005. In October they launched the â€Å"King Saver Offer â€Å"which said â€Å"Fly like a King, don’t play like one†. KFA targeted the frequent fliers  business traveler segment, which was dominated by Jet Airways. By offering a â€Å" King Saver Booklet†, this booklet contained six free flight tickets and was presented as a free gift if the passenger bought two such booklets each worth Rs. 26,999.Passengers could avail off this offer if they showed there Jet Privilege Member (Gold or Platinum) card. Financial strategies: KFA came up with many new financial strategic moves that made it one of the leaders of aviation industry the company had adopted following strategies: 1. The company is planning to spend close to Rs 40 crore on various media and below-the-line marketing activities for the year 2009-10 2. Cut down the salaries of the staff like trainee pilot now drawing Rs20k as compare to Rs2.0lacs. 3. To come over the financial crisis the KFL is considering an option of retrenchment. 4. It purchased brand new A320 aircrafts powered by the cockpit that was a paperless environment. 5. KFA was first Indian carrier to place an order for A380s. Expansion strategy To further its expansion plan KFA put in its bid to buy Sahara in November 2005.However negotiation came to a standstill when KFA felt the valuation of Sahara Airlines of around US$750mn to US$1 bn. was too high.KFA has plans to make an Initial Public Offer (IPO) and raise around US$200 mn that would be used for its fleet acquisition and route expansion activities.KFA set up Kingfisher International Inc. (KII), a subsidiary in US for its international operations. KFA plans to operate international routs by end of 2007. But KFA had yet to receive permission from the Indian government. According to Indian government domestic air carriers are not allowed to fly  international routes without five year of domestic flying experience. But Mr. Mallya said if he failed to convince the government to change its rules, it would start an airline in a foreign country and fly it to India. Human Resource Strategies Prior to launch, KFA signed a â€Å"non-poaching alliance† with Air Deccan under which both the airlines agreed not to hire each other’s employee. KFA’s flight attendants called â€Å"Flying models† were selected through a national level model contest.KFA also stressed the fact that its employees had to be capable enough to meet the airlines’ high service standards.Mr. Mallya said â€Å"Kingfisher Airlines Limited has a first class management team not just at top most level but also in the second line. This is part of the UB group’s commitment to human resources†. *Recommended Strategies 1. Should tie up with different state tourism (like Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu etc) to promote domestic air traffic. 2. Running online contests to boost traffic 3. Looking at partnering with premium hotels, so that the customers of hotels directly choose Kingfisher airlines for traveling. 4. To minimize the air fuel cost and other operating expenses of aircraft they should purchase new more fuel efficient and advance technology based aircraft. 5. Code sharing with other airlines. 6. Rescheduling of flights so that they can adjust the load. 7. More tie ups are required like they can also be a part of STAR alliance. 8. At the time of recession making collusions and cartels could be a good idea. 9. In such a scenario it is imperative for any airline to build its brand and have focused marketing strategy and created a new category of Aviation hospitality thus making service and hospitality as main focus. 10. The Company should join hands with certain banks like ICICI, SBI etc. to offer e-ticketing.

Implications Of Shared Characteristics For Literacy Instruction Education Essay

Child with Down syndrome ( DS ) have several general features in common which play an of import function in how good they are able to prosecute in literacy acquisition ; some of these features are cognitive, whilst others are physical. This paper identifies some of these shared features and high spots the deductions of these for literacy direction in mainstream schoolrooms ; it so provides illustrations of possible differentiated direction in reading and authorship, and support that instructors can give to DS kids so that their specific demands are met within a regular schoolroom context. Finally, it highlights how instructors, professionals and parents can work together in an organized manner to guarantee that DS kids are being every bit supported at both school and place. DS kids make a alone part to mainstream schoolrooms ; their emotional, physical and academic demands can be demanding for the instructor but when these are met, advancement can be made. This advancement will non g o on overnight but as the expression goes, â€Å" Good things take clip. † Shared Features of Down Syndrome Children Possibly the most of import feature of DS scholars is that their chronological age and physical adulthood are non declarative of their rational development, which develops at a much slower rate. For illustration, a DS pupil who is 10 old ages old might work cognitively and linguistically at the same degree as a typical 5 twelvemonth old ( Farrell & A ; Elkins, 1994 ) . DS pupils normally have problem with the development of their gross and all right motor accomplishments, which combined with a really low musculus tone affects the person ‘s ability to keep an appropriate position whilst acquisition. Fine motor accomplishment jobs mean that simple activities such as keeping a book and turning a page can be hard, as is handwriting ( Jordan, Miller & A ; Riley, 2011 ) . Because kids with DS frequently struggle to bring forth speech sounds and talk clearly, it is widely accepted that DS kids ‘s receptive vocabulary, is more advanced than their expressive vocabulary ( Farrell & A ; Elkin, 1994 ; Jordan et Al, 2011 ) . Stoel-Gammon ( 2010 ) states that DS kids by and large have a slow vocabulary growing ; by the clip kids are six, a DS kid has a productive vocabulary of around 330 words whereas his mainstream equals have productive vocabularies of several thousand words. Although hearing loss is a characteristic of these kids, they compensate by being extremely ocular scholars and when larning to read rely on their stronger ocular processing accomplishments to larn new words, instead than concentrating on letter-sound correspondences. Bing visually inclined, DS pupils learn to read utilizing a sight-word attack in which they recognise whole words based upon visual aspect and topographic point no accent on letter-sound relationships ( Lemons & A ; Fuchs, 2010 ) . DS kids have a high involvement in societal interaction and bask chances to collaborate, portion and learn with other people. They besides have high emotional demands and necessitate four times every bit much positive feedback as other pupils do ( Down syndrome WA, 2009 ) . Deductions of these Shared Characteristics for Literacy Instruction DS kids are sensitive to failure and deficiency consolidation schemes when larning. For this ground, Buckley and Bird ( 1993 ) recommend that instructors minimise pupil failure ; instructors can make this by to a great extent scaffolding them through each measure of a new reading or composing undertaking until they can finish it without the instructor ‘s intercession. Buckley and Bird highlight that DS pupils experience considerable trouble rectifying errors, much more so than other kids, so forestalling errors happening in the first topographic point is of import in the early phases of new acquisition, particularly with script. There are really strong links between DS pupils talking, reading and composing accomplishments. As mentioned, DS pupils learn to read best by larning sight-words instead than concentrating on letter-sound relationships to decrypt them. This impacts on the manner that instructors teach DS kids to read as it is non the same manner that they will learn the remainder of their mainstream pupils ( Buckley & A ; Bird, 1993 ) . As DS pupils are larning sight-words, instructors should promote them to correctly articulate them every bit good ; these two accomplishments interact with and inform each other so that the kid grows to understand the significances of words. The instruction and acquisition of composing straight links to speech and reading, excessively. Because DS pupils have small cognition of sentence structure, larning to compose utilizing common linguistic communication constructions influences how they begin to talk ; fundamentally, they learn the construction of sentences through acquisition to compose them and so get down to mime this construction when they are talking ( Buckley & A ; Bird ) . Although the usual attack to reading and composing for DS kids is through sight-words cognition, it is possible for them to larn letter-sound relationships ; instructors can help this by indicating out letter-sound correspondences in words that pupils already know good and pulling their attending to onset and rhyme within that word ( Buckley & A ; Bird, 1993 ) . Because DS kids do non follow auditory instructions good, instructors need to show information/directions/explanations/instructions in a ocular manner. Farrell and Elkers ( 1994 ) highlight that DS pupils prefer print because the ocular message does non melt away like a verbal message does. Kirijian, Myers and Charland ( 2007 ) reference that the instructor ‘s informed choice of literacy stuffs can maintain DS pupils engaged on the content for well longer periods of clip than they would be the instance if they were utilizing regular schoolroom stuffs. As DS kids have trouble with cognitive development, musculus tone and all right motor accomplishments, they find reading and composing undertakings more palling than others in their category do ; instructors need to be cognizant of this and give them smaller sums of work to finish or let short interruptions during lengthier activities ( Down syndrome Ireland, 2011 ) . Differentiated Direction for Teaching Down Syndrome Children Writing Before any authorship can take topographic point, instructors need to guarantee that their DS pupils have their organic structures supported in an unsloped place so they are non using energy seeking to keep an unsloped place because of their hapless musculus tone. Because all right motor accomplishments are ill developed, DS pupils ‘ handwriting direction can be adapted to holding the kid following letters in the air or on a flaxen surface with a finger, instead than doing them pull with a pencil on paper like other pupils. Once they have a strong tweezer clasp, the instructor can scaffold script by utilizing a highlighter to organize letters which the DS kid can follow over ; this will necessitate to be done many times before the kid is able to copy it, himself. It is of import that instructors ne'er assign the script to pattern and walk off to look into on other pupils because if the DS pupil makes a whole row of wrong letters, he is larning bad wonts that will be really hard to rectify. During these composing lessons, a feel good factor is critical for DS pupils to larn so it is better for them to merely compose 3 letters during this clip and have the lesson coating with them happy than for them to hold to compose more and stop up detesting authorship clip ( Down Syndrome WA, 2009 ) . During the existent authorship activities, instructors frequently need to back up DS pupils with both the formation of thoughts and so scribing them ; this is frequently done through joint building of texts by the pupil and instructor ( Moni & A ; Jobling, 2000 ) . As mentioned antecedently, instructors need to promote DS pupils to joint their thought as they read and write. To promote this, the instructor acts as a Scribe by composing down the pupil ‘s thoughts for him. Next, the instructor and child return turns physically composing the bill of exchange together ; this is done to avoid weariness in the pupil and assist him to accomplish something that would be beyond his ability if working unaided. By co-constructing texts, the instructor is besides patterning the thought processes required for authorship ; these texts can so be used for future reading pattern as it has significance for them. Another manner that instructors ‘ can distinguish composing for DS pupils is t o promote them to utilize a word processor to type up their co-constructed bill of exchange ; during this exercising, the instructor can cut down the scaffold by taking herself from the pupil and giving him a opportunity to work independently ( Moni & A ; Jobling, 2000 ) . Differentiated Direction for Teaching Down Syndrome Children Reading For the DS pupil, instructors need to make single reading ends and undertakings that are much simpler than those set for the remainder of the category. When larning to read, DS pupils require considerable more repeat to solidify larning than their mainstream equals do ( Jordan, Miller & A ; Riley, 2011 ) . By instructors uniting repeat of an activity with stuffs aimed at the DS kid ‘s ocular acquisition penchant, they are able to capitalize on run intoing both these demands in one spell. As pronunciation of sight-words is an issue for DS kids, instructors need to pattern this at the same clip that larning the word is happening. In several respects, DS kids learn to read in an opposite manner to mainstream students. DS kids learn the whole word foremost and attach significance to it at the same clip, whereas other pupils will utilize letter-sound correspondences to read the word and so use intending to it through sentence context. Once DS kids know a word, the instructor can construct on this by offering phonics direction utilizing that word, ab initio sectioning it into onset and rime and finally placing letter-phoneme relationships if the kid is able to. DS kids struggle with comprehension as their grammar and sentence structure cognition is ill developed or non-existent ( Buckley & A ; Bird, 1993 ) . To get the better of this, instructors can do simple books based on the kid ‘s ain experiences and write sentences with the kid ‘s spoken linguistic communication demands in head so that he is reading words, phrases and sentences aimed towards assisting him to speak with greater lucidity ( Buckley & A ; Bird ) . DS kids require little ‘bite sized ‘ reading undertakings instead than the 1s typically given to other pupils ; this enables them to experience a sense of accomplishment and stop the lesson on the all of import positive note. Because DS kids have high societal demands, instructors can integrate them into group and equal activities to increase larning chances accomplishments ( Snowling, Nash & A ; Henderson, 2010 ) . Teachers can besides offer reading support to DS pupils by supplying modeling of reading as equals read a text aloud whilst the DS pupil tracks the print in his ain book ; the same text can be repeated by several pupils as the repeat is of import for larning to happen. A similar affect can be achieved by utilizing engineering such as computing machine programmes that read aloud while pupils follow the text on screen. How Parents and Professionals can be Involved in a Literacy larning Partnership Due to the demands of learning DS kids literacy, instructors have terrible restraints placed on their clip as one-to-one direction is the most effectual manner of learning them. As such, it is necessary that the instructor receives help from a teacher adjutant or voluntary so that she can give attending to the other pupils in her category. The monetary value of holding an inclusive schoolroom is that particular demands pupils place force per unit area on the instructor. To get by with this, the instructor needs to garner together a support squad that can portion these demands and work hand in glove to learn the DS kid. With respects to literacy acquisition, it is of import that this school-based support squad works closely with the DS kid ‘s parents so that school and place literacy events are aligned and concentrating on a specific result. When DS kids are larning a specific reading accomplishment, instructors or specializers can teach parents how to reenforce this same acquis ition at place ( Snowling, Nask & A ; Henderson, 2010 ) . For illustration, Snowling et Al. province that parents frequently fail to inquire higher-level inquiries during reading activities with their DS kids ; as such, instructors can offer specific direction to parents on how to make this, likewise for onset/rime cleavage and phonological consciousness direction. This attack ensures that the kid is n't being instructed in two perchance counter-productive ways. Regular meetings and conferences between learning staff and parents should be held to measure advancement and program for following measure larning. These meetings besides give both parties an chance to discourse any concerns and maintain each other informed about other facets of the kid ‘s life, such as health/emotional province etc, which may hold an impact on larning ability. Decision Teaching DS kids is non a simple undertaking. They bring a combination of demands into the schoolroom which if separately broken down would each supply a challenge for the instructor to suit. The first measure to learning DS pupils is cognizing the issues that they face when larning to read, compose and talk ; these issues are both cognitive and physical and have deductions for how schoolroom instruction and acquisition is accomplished. DS pupils do n't larn the same manner as mainstream pupils do ; they require really heavy staging and advancement really easy when developing literacy accomplishments. However, single instructors are non entirely in this undertaking ; they have the support of other professionals and the kid ‘s parents, and jointly this group provides the kid with the emotional, physical, and academic support needed to go an active and valued member of both the schoolroom and wider society.